Harvesting the energy from friction to create a safer bike

by Dalton Mullinax,  Jonathan Guy, Ryan Koprowski, and Matthew Laczko

Photo credit: static.environmentalgraffiti.com

Today, biker safety is often overlooked because many adults travel by car; however, young people without a driver’s license routinely rely on bicycles to travel short distances. For this reason, we wanted to find a way to increase the safety for bicyclists. Lights, being the predominant method of visibility, are absent on many bikes. For our project, we sought to improve biker safety by being able to power the lights on a bike using the friction that exists between the tires and the road. If we could harvest the energy lost due to friction, we could power the lights on the bike, thus improving biker safety.

We propose constructing bicycle tires with polyester-PDMS fiber interwoven within the fabric of the tire. The recent understanding of PDMS with polyester has opened a new door to the realm of attaining energy from frictional forces between two materials. This polyester-PDMS fabric is capable of generating energy from friction produced between the tire and the surface as the bicycle moves.

Today, many scientists around the world experiment with various methods to find ways to convert mechanical energy from two objects rubbing together to electrical energy. Physicists at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia have found use in the triboelectric effect which is when two plastics rub together to create friction that can be harnessed by a triboelectric generator. These triboelectric generators are composed of smaller generators called nanogenerators that aid in the production of electrical energy (Toon). Although these triboelectric generators are small, the polyester piece rubs against a polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) sheet, thus creating friction that can be converted into electrical energy.

One form of this triboelectric generator is the PENG device, which is shown to the very far left in the picture below (Zyga).  This device has been proven to power the LCD screen, shown in the middle of the picture below, for upwards of one minute. Also, the PENG device has partially charged a lithium-ion battery (the image on the right in the picture) (Zyga).

Photo credit: http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/2012/pyroelectricnanogenerator.jpg

The triboelectric generator uses the Piezoelectric Effect; “the piezoelectric substance is one that produces an electric charge when a mechanical stress is applied” (“Piezoelectric Effect”). The piezoelectric effect happens when a crystal acquires a charge when it is twisted, compressed, or distorted. One of the most useful characteristics of the piezoelectric effects is that is can be reversed easily (“The Piezoelectric Effect”). The figure below shows the forward and reverse motion of the piezoelectric effect.

Photo credit: http://www.aurelienr.com/electronique/piezo/ piezo.pdf

When the piezoelectric effect material is stressed in forward motion, positive and negative particles shift which helps create an electrical field that can be harnessed through a nanogenerator. But, when the material is reversed, the electrical field does the exact opposite of the forward motion and uses an electrical field to create the piezoelectric effect material which then can be reused to make the forward motion.

Through our design, we are taking a new step toward nanotechnological use of a polyester-PDMS inner ring: we propose constructing bicycle tires with polyester-PDMS fiber interwoven within the fabric of the tire. This polyester-PDMS fabric will generate energy from friction produced between the tire and the surface as the bicycle moves.  This energy will be harvested and transmitted through a cable attached to the axle of the wheel and terminated at a connection on the handlebars of the bike. This terminal connection will then provide energy to the LED lights on the bicycle.

The picture below demonstrates the use of a PDMS with a rubber surface that can be used to create energy by touch. The inset picture shows that even the touch of a feather could set the sensor off and create energy as well as power the device through a triboelectric generator. This picture illustrates the device we will use in the rubber tires of the bicycle and demonstrates how the triboelectric generator will use friction to produce electricity to power the bicycle’s safety lights.

Photo Credit: Zhong Lin Wang, Triboelectric generator

Our idea is to put the sheets of PDMS and polyester into the interior of the bike’s tires. One sheet would rotate with the movement of the bike and the other would rub the other way with the use a counter-rotating piece also in the interior of the bike’s tires. As the bike is ridden, friction would be created between the PDMS and polyester sheets rubbing together. The triboelectric generator would capture this energy so it could power the lights on the bike. Assuming technology is developed that shows how the energy consumed into the triboelectric generator could be released, this new technology could immensely increase biker safety.

Lights added onto a bicycle will improve rider safety and also increase the safety of car drivers around the biker. More bikers will be able to travel at night because their visibility will be increased, allowing their confidence in riding at night to be greater. Plus, all the light energy produced by triboelectric generator is environmentally friendly.

References

Fan, Feng-Ru, Zhong-Qun Tian, and Zhong Lin Wang. Flexible Triboelectric Generator! Atlanta, GA: Sciverse Science Direct, 10 Jan. 2012. PDF.

Hum, Phillip W. “Exploration of Large Scale Manufacturing of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Microfluidic Devices.” Diss. Massachussets Institute of Technology, 2006. Abstract. (2006): 1-56. Print.

“The Piezoelectric Effect.” Nanomotion Piezoelectric Effect. Nanomotion, n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2012. http://www.nanomotion.com/piezoelectric-effect.html.

“Piezoelectric Effect.” Piezoelectricity. GSU, n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2012. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/piezo.html.

Quick, Darren. “Triboelectric Generator Could Allow Electricity-generating Touchscreens.” Triboelectric Generator Could Allow Electricity-generating Touchscreens. Gizmag, 9 July 2012. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. http://www.gizmag.com/triboelectric-generator/23248/.

Sihong Wang, Long Lin, Zhong Lin Wang. Nanoscale Triboelectric- Effect-Enabled Energy Conversion for Sustainably Powering Portable Electronics. NanoLetter. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society Publications, 2012.

Toon, John. “Georgia Tech Research News.” Georgia Tech Research News RSS. N.p., 9 July 2012. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/triboelectric-generator-produces-electricity-from-friction/.

Toon, John. “Triboelectric Generator Produces Electricity by Harnessing Frictional Forces.” GT. N.p., 10 July 2012. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. http://gatech.edu/newsroom/release.html?nid=139511.

“The TriboElectric Series.” The TriboElectric Series. N.p., 30 Nov. 2012. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. http://www.trifield.com/content/tribo-electric-series/.

Zyga, Lisa. “Pyroelectric Nanogenerator Charges Li-ion Battery with Harvested Energy.” Pyroelectric Nanogenerator Charges Li-ion Battery with Harvested Energy. N.p., 20 Nov. 2012. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. http://phys.org/news/2012-11-pyroelectric-nanogenerator-li-ion-battery-harvested.html.

Featured image photo credit: http://www.tuvie.com/wp-content/uploads/wincycle001-futuristic-bike-by-younes-jmoula1.jpg

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Physics merges with Biology to Keep the Heart Beating

Photo credit: http://yuyucat.deviantart.com/art/Human-Heart-187494758

by Julia Clark, Anna King, and Taylor Kuter

In today’s world, pacemakers are so commonplace, we hardly give them a second thought. Nearly everyone knows someone whose life depends on this device. Despite a wide variety of pacemaker models, they all have the same basic composition, and consist of the same three core parts: a battery, lead wires, and circuitry (How Pacemakers Are Made). All materials used in these parts are biocompatible, so as to be as non-harmful to the body as possible. These components all must meet a series of specifications. The circuitry of the modern pacemaker, which controls the device’s functions, contains an array of sensors, timers, and voltage regulators to control the heartbeat. All controls are generally externally programmable, allowing doctors to make non-invasive adjustments to the pacemaker’s function, if necessary. The lead wires of the device provide the physical stimulation to the heart. Leads are generally thin, insulated electrical wires with exposed ends directly attached to vital points on the heart. Many modern leads are of a “screw-in” variety, securing them to the heart in much the same way as a common screw. The wires are subjected to constant movement caused by the heart’s continuous beating, and therefore must be resistant to fracture. The battery, which powers the pacemaker, must be able to supply 5 volts of power, which is slightly more than what the heart requires for stimulation. The battery must be able to last for a minimum of four years, and must have a predictable life cycle, making it easy for the doctor to know when a replacement battery is necessary. The battery is integral to the pacemaker’s function, and must be replaced after a certain amount of time, depending on the patient. Currently, the only way of replacing the battery is through an invasive surgical procedure.

The need to undergo an operation every ten years in order to replace a pacemaker demonstrates the need for a new design of the pacemaker and how the pacemaker obtains energy. Instead of being run solely on batteries that need to be replaced, we have designed a Hematologic-Electric Pacemaker with batteries that have a back-up power supply that obtains its energy from the natural movement of blood in the patient. The purpose of our device is not to be the power source of the pacemaker but to produce enough energy from the additive that it will charge the batteries of the pacemaker. The capability of having a device that will produce the energy needed to charge the batteries of the pacemaker will eliminate the need for the replacement surgeries of pacemakers.

Our Hematologic-Electric Pacemaker will have the modern pacemaker itself and an additive that is connected by bio-compatible wire that the electrical current will run through. The additive is where the energy is created by the movement of the blood. The location in which the additive will be placed will be a vein. A section of the vein will be cut and our device added in place of the vein with skin grafts to connect the vein to the ends of the device. Stints may be needed in the vein to help support the added weight from the device. We chose the location for the device to be a vein as the pressure within the vein is low but the volume is high (Desai).

Original artwork provided by authors.

The device itself is made up of three chambers. The first inner chamber is in a shape of a barrel. Inside this barrel are propellers which are in the shape of airplane propellers. They are as if two flat surfaces lying horizontally are slightly twisted. The front propeller is made out of a harder bio-compatible material while the back propeller is made out of a more flexible material to create less turbulence in the blood as it re-enters the actual vein. As the blood from the vein travels through the barrel, the movement of the blood causes the propeller blades to spin. The shape of the propellers makes it so the blood can pass through the device freely without a large obstruction in its path. The propellers are connected to the barrel. The barrel is a magnet in which the top half of the barrel has a positive charge and the bottom half of the barrel has a negative charge. Since the propellers are connected to the barrel, the whole barrel moves as one unit. The barrel itself will be enclosed in a thin, bio-compatible membrane. Tightly wrapped around the membrane will be copper wire. To protect the body from exposed wire, the third bio-compatible casing will enclose the wire.
Our design allows the processes of electromagnetism and hematologic-electricity to occur. Electricity is “simply moving electrons” and “some metals, like copper, have electrons that are loosely held; they are easily pushed from their levels” (Intermediate Energy Infobook). The way in which our device creates electricity is similar to the turbine generators today but instead of using a substance like water to spin the turbine, the Hematologic-Electric Pacemaker uses the blood in the vein. The spinning of the barrel, or the spinning of the magnet, causes a magnetic field where the loose electrons in the copper wire, which is wrapped around the membrane of the barrel, are being pushed and pulled by the magnetic field (Intermediate Energy Infobook). The moving electrons in the wire will flow into a connected transmission line which will eventually lead to the pacemaker. There is an AC/DC converter connected to the transmission line just as the moving electrons enter into the line. Since the electrons are rapidly moving back and forth, they are moving in an alternating current. Before the electricity is able to get to the pacemaker, it needs to be transferred into a direct current. The AC/DC converter solves this issue as it converts the alternating current to a direct current so the flow of electrons is in one direction traveling toward the pacemaker.

Photo credit: Web 1/12/2012 via Creative Commons license

Once the blood is about the leave the barrel, the spinning motion of the propellers will cause the blood to leave the barrel twisting. In order to straighten out and slow down the blood flow, the membrane and the outer casing of the device is extended after the barrel. This extension of casing is called the turbulence reducing chamber. The turbulence reducing chamber solves the problem of the blood having turbulence as it leaves the device, as it allows the blood to regulate itself before it enters into the normal vein again. Inside the turbulence reducing chamber are backflow prevention valves. These valves are in place because as the blood pulses through the vein, there is an inevitable backward suction of the blood that occurs, and the backflow prevention valves make sure the blood will not re-enter into the barrel. Once the blood straightens back out inside the turbulence reducing chamber, it re-enters the actual vein.

“There are about 3 million people worldwide with pacemakers, and each year 600,000 pacemakers are implanted” (Wood, Mark A. and Kenneth A. Ellenbogen). The duration of pacemaker batteries is about 10 years, so every 10 years pacemaker patients have to undergo another surgery to replace the batteries. Our goal is to eliminate the need for replacement surgeries for the batteries of the pacemaker by our Hematologic-Electric Pacemaker.

References

 Ashesh, Sheetal, Pratik, and Deeba. “History of Pacemakers.” The Physics of a Pacemaker. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2012.

“Benefits and Risks- Pacemakers.” Medtronic. N.p., 22 Sept. 2010. Web. 16 Nov. 2012.

“Benefits of the Advances in Cardiac Pacemaker Technology.” National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 15 Nov. 2012.

Desai, Rishi, M.D. “Arteries vs. Veins – What’s the Difference?” Blood Vessel Diseases. Khan Academy, 2012. Web. 11 Nov. 2012.

Heart Rhythm Society. “Treatment and Devices.” Treatment and Devices. Arrythmia.org, 2011. Web. 07 Dec. 2012.

“How Pacemakers Are Made.” How Products Are Made. 15 Nov. 2012.

Intermediate Energy Infobook. Electricity. Manassas: The NEED Project, 2012. PDF.

Laursen, Lucas. “Swiss Scientists Design a Turbine to Fit in Human Arteries.” IEEE Spectrum. IEEE Spectrum, 16 May 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2012.

Mittal, Tarun. Pacemakers — A Journey through the Years. New Delhi: All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 10 Sept. 2005. PDF.

Rhoads, Caroline S., and John M. Miller MD. “What are some Recent Advances in Pacemaker Technology?” EMedicineHealth. 18 June 2009. Healthwise Staff. 15 Nov. 2012.

Webster, Andrew. “Scientists Create Blood Powered Turbine To Power Pacemakers.” PCMAG. Gizmodo, 17 May 2011. Web. 16 Nov. 2012.

“Who Invented the Pacemaker?” Rocket City Space Pioneers. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012.

Wood, Mark A., M.D., and Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, M.D. “Cardiac Pacemakers From the Patient’s Perspective.” AHA Journals. The American Heart Association, 2012. Web. 11 Dec. 2012.

Zax, David. “A Heartbeat-Powered Pacemaker.” MIT Technology Review. 7 Nov. 2012. 16 Nov. 2012.

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Quantized Magazine 2012 in Review

The WordPress.com stats helper monkeys prepared a 2012 annual report for this e-zine.

Here’s an excerpt:

600 people reached the top of Mt. Everest in 2012. This blog got about 2,300 views in 2012. If every person who reached the top of Mt. Everest viewed this blog, it would have taken 4 years to get that many views.

Click here to see the complete report.

A Christmas Night Rendezvous

Photo credit: http://en.es-static.us/upl/2012/11/moon_jupiter.jpg

 

Brilliant Jupiter

Approaches a rising moon

Christmas rendezvous.

 

 

 

 

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“Tis the season to use physics!

This bright physics student uses his knowledge of energy transformations to light up his Christmas tree.

“What if gravity acted sideways?”

Feature photo credit: MEHAU KULYK/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

“So you see students, after the projectile is launched, it follows a trajectory whose vertical position as a function of time forms a parabola while the horizontal position—yes, a question?”

“Mrs. Geddes, I understand a projectile’s behavior in Earth’s gravity, but how would all that change if gravity acted sideways?”

And, thus, the thought experiment was launched, “What if gravity acted sideways?” Here is a clever and entertaining response:

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Late again? The physics of being tardy to class

by Korey Henkle, Frank Ibar, and Jean LeGrand

“Tardy again? Why can’t you ever get to class on time?” Does this reprimand sound familiar to you? I heard it so many times that I decided to make it a research question: “Why can’t I get to class on time?” I began this research effort by asking a friend to video my journey from one class, to my locker, and then to the next class. We put post-it notes on the lockers so that we could keep track of the distance travelled. The post-it notes appear on every five lockers.

Here is an excerpt of the video showing my travel to my locker. In this excerpt, I only make it past 23 lockers. Imagine what I encounter when I pass the approximately 100 lockers between any two classes:

My friends and I used movie editing software to analyze the video. We advanced the video frame-by-frame and recorded my position along with the corresponding time on the video clip. Here’s the graph we made from this data:

Position vs. time data for my travel along 23 lockers.

When I’m on the extreme edge of the lockers (at time = 0), I’m able to move with fairly stead velocity, but as soon as I get deeper into the hallway (at around 3 seconds), my travel is continually impeded. Notice the number of times that my acceleration is negative (indicated by a concave down curve in the graph) or that I’m standing still (where the slope of the graph is zero). There is one instance where my velocity is negative as indicated by the negative slope. It’s a wonder I can make it to class at all!

Teachers, bottom line is, you can’t argue with the physics of it. Being tardy to class is governed by the laws of physics, and I can’t defy that anymore than I can defy gravity. Find comfort in the fact that I am within the laws; maybe not the laws of the school, but definitely the laws of physics!

Feature Photo credit: http://img.ehowcdn.com/article-new/ehow/images/a07/vb/o2/deal-tardy-students-800×800.jpg

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Students Take Advantage of Light’s Properties in their “Polar Bear Wear” Design

Photo credit: http://www.animalpicturesarchive.com/animal/a3/800_-_Polar_Bears-by_RoseBud.jpg

by Wyatt Miller, Lauren Noblitt, and Amanda Stump

Imagine a coat that utilizes total internal refection to collect heat. We were inspired by the belief that polar bear fur utilizes total internal reflection. We will use this theory along with biomimicry to create this invention. The coat is imagined to be self-heating, and its appearance will be similar to that of an alpaca coat. It will have a high collar to warm the neck and a hood to help the head warm. There will be two perfectly placed pockets to make sure the hands can also stay heated. Also, there will be a zipper in the front that will zip all the way up to the chin. The coat will use an artificial fabric to mimic polar bear fur.

Photo credit: Faux White Fur Jacket. Photograph. The Parka Pages. Foundmark.com. Web. 12 Jan. 2012.

Our design will mimic the polar bear’s double coat with short hairs that insulate the heat captured by the long hairs that trap the sunlight. Our first product, a jacket, will include a fabric lining of soft cotton and the artificial polar bear fur will utilize a fabric made of millions of fiber optic strands. The fabric will have two layers: short insulating fibers and long sunlight trapping fibers. The long outer layer of fabric will be shaped into tiny, microscopic strand-like tubes. The small tubes will collect sunlight using total internal reflection and create heat that will be insulated by the short fur layer underneath. The whole jacket will have this artificial fur so the humans head, arms, and torso will be consistently heated.

PRESENT TECHNOLOGY

Today, there are many products that use total internal reflection. Some examples are diamonds, prismatic binoculars, flashlight lenses, and lights that use spatial filtering. Diamonds utilize total internal reflection by taking in the light, then reflecting it back onto a surface. “Because diamonds have a high index of refraction (about 2.3), the critical angle for the total internal reflection is only about 25 degrees. Incident light therefore strikes many of the internal surfaces before it strikes one less than 25 degrees and then emerges. After many such reflections, the colors in the light are separated, and seen individually” (Total Internal Reflection: Diamonds & Fiber Optics).

Photo credit: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/images/ph_waves03.gif

“Prismatic binoculars revolutionized the binocular by using two prisms back-to-back or other arrangements of prisms to rebound light and effectively extend the distance between objective and eyepiece thus compacting the tube while at the same time increasing the ratio of focal lengths between the two lenses, resulting in higher magnification” (Spatz). Flashlights use total internal reflection by using a light bulb as a source of light. The light then bounces off of the lenses located underneath the light bulb. All of these products use total internal reflection for light and sight purposes; our product will use total internal reflection for heating purposes. There are many other great clothing companies today that have clothes that keep you warm as well. These include The North Face, Columbia, Nike and many more. These companies use fake fur; but none of them use fiber optics for warmth. Our product will be the new standard for warmth and winter fashion.

Bibliography

Elliot, Jason. “Facts About Polar Fleece.” Trails.com. Web. 8 Dec. 2011. <http://www.trails.com/facts_12835_facts-polar-fleece.html&gt;.

Faux White Fur Jacket. Photograph. The Parka Pages. Foundmark.com. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. <http://www.foundmark.com/pers/gallery/parkas/fur/images/FauxWhiteFurJacket1.jp&gt;

“How Do Polar Bears Stay Warm?” WiseGEEK. Web. 7 Dec. 2011. <http://www.wisegeek.com/how-do-polar-bears-stay-warm.htm&gt;.

Purt, Jenny. “What Is Biomimicry?” Theguardian. 29 Sept. 2011. Web. 8 Dec. 2011. <http://www.guardian.co.uk/sustainable-business/guardian-live-discussion-biomimicry-sustainable-green-design&gt;.

Stanley, C. M. “Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence.” Nature|methods. CHROMA. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. <http://www.nature.com/app_notes/nmeth/2011/111309/full/an8071.html&gt;.

“Total Internal Reflection: Diamonds & Fiber Optics.” Stony Brook Laser Teaching Center. 2000. Web. 07 Dec. 2011. http://laser.physics.sunysb.edu/~wise/wise187/2001/reports/andrea/report.html.

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What if Isaac Newton Were on Facebook?

by Michael Reece

“Yes, Put This in My Backyard!” Generating Power with Recycled Water

by Brooke Mitchell, Chase Johnson, Chase Caldwell, and Chris Lynn

One of the major issues Americans deal with is conservation of energy and creating new and improved technology to make everyday life easier and less expensive. One method of achieving cheaper and easier energy production is the use of recycled household gray water to turn a hydroelectric turbine. Our idea for this design is to collect gray water from households and run that water through turbines that will create hydroelectricity that in turn powers the house.  Hydroelectric power has been practiced in the past, improved today, and hopefully, will be fully utilized in the future.

There are many types of technology the world uses today to generate energy. One source that I believe we need to utilize more is hydroelectricity. Currently power derived from hydroelectricity represents 24% of total electricity production in the world and 12% in the United States. Hydroelectricity works by harnessing the energy of flowing water. Water is pulled downstream, and then it meets and turns the blades of a hydroelectric turbine. The turbine shaft turns the rotor in the generator and creates electricity the same way other electrical generators do. While large hydroelectric plants that are part of a large dam structures are common, there are others hydroelectric plants that use straight river flow and do not involve dams. Other models that are micro-generators use ordinary streams to generate power.

Some of the benefits of hydroelectricity are: hydroelectricity is a clean, renewable source of energy; there is no fuel, because kinetic energy is converted into electricity by flowing water and no pollution. Hydroelectric sources currently provide roughly 1/5 of the world’s energy. Today there is not a whole lot of use for the gray water in houses, so why not put it to use?

We have designed a fantastic idea to conserve electricity in households and convert that energy into hydroelectric power. The purpose of our design is to develop hydroelectric power into a main source of electricity. By doing so, we will decrease the cost of our electric bill and will conserve large amounts of energy in the vicinity of our own household. To begin, any gray water that runs through household drains, such as water from the sink, dishwasher, washer machine, and showers, will be sent to a turbine located below the house. That turbine is then powered by the moving water that runs through the drains, and in turn, turns a generator that creates hydroelectric power. This power then flows through our house, sending electricity to our light bulbs and throughout our houses. Since the water is constantly circulating through the house and not automatically sent through a sewer system, we also have the advantage of conserving water and energy.

With power plants decreasing and hydroelectric power turbine plants increasing, our economy will develop into an efficient state which will help our economy grow out of depression. Understanding the impact of compact hydroelectric power plants beneath our households, perhaps people will take a step forward in giving a helping hand in conserving energy and making our world a healthier place to live in the future.

Sources and Photo Credits:

International Hydro Power Association. Hydro Power and the World’s Energy  Future. Ed. Canadian Hydropower Association. N.p., Nov. 2000. Web. 9 Jan. 2012. <http://www.ieahydro.org/reports/Hydrofut.pdf&gt;.

“Divided Over Dams.” The American Experience, PBS, Katya Chistik, Project Coordinator, Green Energy Ohio. Ron Feltenberger, formerly Vice President and Hydro System Designer, Universal Electric Power.

“Hydroelectric Power History.” Fuel From the Water. Bechtel BWXT, 25 Aug. 2003. Web. 9 Jan. 2012.

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